نشریه مطالعات تاریخی جنگ
سال ششم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

The Battle of Halule took place in 691 BC between the Assyrian Empire on the one hand and a large coalition of Elam and Babylonian kings and their allies on the other. The reports of Assyrian and Babylonian sources have contradictions in mentioning the events of this important battle, which makes conclusions about the hidden angles of this battle more complicated. Based on historical documents and reports and with a descriptive-analytical method, the present research tried to answer the main question of the causes of occurrence of the Battle of Halule, its results and consequences in the era of ancient times. The Assyrians bordered the Elamites after the capture of Babylon during the reign of Tiglath Pileser III. After that, the Elamites supported the Babylonian rebels against the Assyrians in order to prevent the Assyrian attacks on the Zagros. This brought about the Battle of Halule. The results of this research show that apart from the Assyrians' combative spirit and the achievement of Zagros region trophies, the direct or indirect domination of the parties over the land of Babylon caused the Battle of Halule. Although the Assyrians did not achieve their goals in this battle, after the war the policy of the Assyrian kings focused on capturing Babylon and destroying Elam.

In the continuation of their conquests, Muslims, when they entered the Mediterranean Sea area, felt the necessity of adopting a specific maritime strategy due to the importance of the region and the historical presence of the Byzantine Empire in the region. Considering this, the problem of the current research, which is explained in a descriptive and analytical way, concerns the strategy of Muslims in the naval battles of the Mediterranean Sea in the first Hijri century. The findings of the research show that the naval conquests can be considered a new stage of Muslim victories at the beginning of Islam. It seems that after entering the Mediterranean area, the Muslim Arabs, despite not having the necessary experience, challenged the long-standing authority of Byzantium by adopting a set of policies, and gradually emerged as a maritime power in the region. Increasing their deep knowledge and understanding of the importance of the sea, paying special attention to the maritime industry, strengthening maritime transport, establishing shipyards, building ports and coastal cities and turning them into population centers, as well as strengthening the naval fleet were part of the strategic components that Muslims employed in the naval battles of this region.

After defeating the remnants of the Dilmians present in Kerman, the Seljuk King Qavurt established a powerful local government that lasted for about a century and a half (442-583 AH). Undoubtedly one of the factors of the durability of this government was the military organizations and the structure of their corps. Therefore, the present article, using the method of historical studies, aims to answer the question of the military organization and population composition of the Seljuk army of Kerman. The findings of the research indicate that the Seljuks of Kerman had modeled the military structure of powerful governments such as the Great Seljuks and the Ghaznavids in their army formations and had created a multi-ethnic army. Of course, the influential factor in the military structure and demographic composition of the Seljuk Corps of Kerman, especially at the end of their rule, was the growing authority of the rulers and Atabakans and their many interventions in the affairs of the Corps. Atabakans such as Khaje Muayyid al-Din Rayhan, Khaje Ala al-Din Boozghosh, and Khaje Qutb al-Din Muhammad each brought a group of their slaves into the army and sought their own interests by changing the demographic composition of the army.

Dar al-Funun was established during the period of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar with the motive of training military forces and was under the Ministry of Education. After a while, independent military schools were established, which focused on the training of the military, with the interaction between the Ministry of War and the Ministry of Education. Gradually, however, this interaction turned into a competition over the administration of these schools. The present descriptive-analytical article that relies on archival records aims to answer the questions of 1- Why and how the conflict between the two Ministries of War and Education for the administration of Madrese-ye Nezām began and what stages it went through. 2- Which institutions or people were the opponents or proponents of this handover and what arguments did they have? 3- What relationship did the change of the supervisory institution on Madrese-ye Nezām have with the political and governmental developments in that era of Iran's history, which includes the end of the Qajar period and the beginning of the Pahlavi period? The results of this research show that besides the major task of Madrese-ye Nezām, which was training military personnel, the strength of the Sardar Sepah as the Minister of War, played the main role in handing over the management of these schools to the Ministry of War.

In Mysore Sate, located in southern Indian subcontinent, a local government was formed, which was the last step of resistance of people against the British government. The presence of Haidar Ali and his son Tipu Sultan - who were Shiites - was a serious obstacle to the action of the British government in calling the subcontinent British India. The most significant performance of these two rulers was to confront the British presence in India. In the history of the subcontinent, Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan are considered as heroes of resistance and fight against colonialism. This descriptive-analytical article analyzed the performance of the two rulers of Mysore against the British government. The approach of the article is that the thought and action of the Islamic unity as a policy to counter the political and military invasion of the colonial countries can be considered as the last effort of the two local rulers of the subcontinent, which unfortunately, due to negligence, imprudence, and the cowardice of the Muslim rulers did not lead to the favorable result in that very sensitive historical moment, hence the last resistance front in the subcontinent to confront colonialism was lost.

During the Qajar period, Iran was deprived of having an organized, coherent, professional, and experienced army, while the country was struggling with serious territorial and extraterritorial dangers for many years and every now and then faced foreign aggression or internal rebellion and chaos. In that situation, the central and main core of the Qajar army was formed by tribal and local warriors. The said army consisted of dozens of regiments, each of which belonged to a specific province or state. The duty of the armed forces was clear at the time of foreign attack, but the question is, what duty or duties did the military units in question have during the time of peace and tranquility and what was their mission? To answer this question, in this article, some of the missions of the peace period of one of the Qajar army forces called Fouj-e-Kamareh (Kamareh Regiment) was investigated. Like other regiments, the aforementioned regiment was recruited with very limited training mainly in two types of missions: the mission of border guarding and the suppression of riots and internal disturbances. Of course, learning and practicing military skills were also one of the occupations of these military units during the peace periods. To find the answer to the question of this descriptive-analytical research, written documents and sources were used. The findings of the research show that the formation of the Kamareh regiment, like other military elements of the Qajar period, was influenced by the needs of the time and had an independent military command that was chosen by the king or some princes. After Herat War and some border conflicts in Sistan, this regiment had an effective presence in the suppression of rebellions in Delfan, Bakhtiari, Azerbaijan and Fars regions for many years.